Ssh Generate Public Key Based On Private
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Adding your SSH public key to GitLab. Create and add your SSH key pair. It is best practice to use Git over SSH instead of Git over HTTP. In order to use SSH, you will need to: Create an SSH key pair; Add your SSH public key to GitLab. Creating your SSH key pair. Go to your command line. Follow the instructions to generate your SSH key pair. If you do not have a private key: Open puttygen, Select the desired key type SSH2 DSA (you may use RSA or DSA) within the Parameters section. And it is important that you leave the passphrase field blank, Press generate and follow instructions to generate (public/private) key.
The.pub file is your public key, and the other file is the corresponding private key. If you don’t have these files (or you don’t even have a.ssh directory), you can create them by running a program called ssh-keygen, which is provided with the SSH package on Linux/macOS systems and comes with Git. To generate the public/private key pair, enter this in the Command Prompt: ssh-keygen At the first prompt, “Enter file in which to save the key,” press Enter to save it in the default location. If you do not have a private key: Open puttygen, Select the desired key type SSH2 DSA (you may use RSA or DSA) within the Parameters section. And it is important that you leave the passphrase field blank, Press generate and follow instructions to generate (public/private) key pair. SSH public-key authentication relies on asymmetric cryptographic algorithms that generate a pair of separate keys (a key pair), one 'private' and the other 'public'. You keep the private key a secret and store it on the computer you use to connect to the remote system.
How to Generate a Public/Private KeyPair for Use With Solaris Secure Shell
Users must generate a public/private key pair when their site implementshost-based authentication or user public-key authentication. For additionaloptions, see the ssh-keygen(1) manpage.
Before You Begin
Determine from your system administrator if host-based authenticationis configured.
Start the key generation program.
where -t is the type of algorithm, one of rsa, dsa, or rsa1.
Specify the path to the file that will hold the key.
Bydefault, the file name id_rsa, which represents an RSAv2 key, appears in parentheses. You can select this file by pressing the Return key. Or, you can type an alternative file name.
The file name of the public key is created automatically by appendingthe string .pub to the name of the private key file.
Type a passphrase for using your key.
This passphraseis used for encrypting your private key. A null entry is stronglydiscouraged. Note that the passphrase is not displayed when youtype it in.
Retype the passphrase to confirm it.
Check the results.
Check that the path to the keyfile is correct.
At this point, you have created a public/private key pair.
Choose the appropriate option:
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You can now log in to the remote host.For details, see How to Log In to a Remote Host With Solaris Secure Shell.
Type the command on one line with no backslash.
When you are prompted, supply your login password.
If your site uses user authentication with public keys, populateyour authorized_keys file on the remote host.
Copy your public key to the remote host.
Type thecommand on one line with no backslash.
When you are prompted, supply your login password.
Whenthe file is copied, the message “Key copied” is displayed.
(Optional) Reduce the prompting for passphrases.
For a procedure, see How to Reduce Password Prompts in Solaris Secure Shell. For more information, see the ssh-agent(1) and ssh-add(1) man pages.
Example 19–2 Establishing a v1 RSA Key for a User
In the following example, the user cancontact hosts that run v1 of the Solaris Secure Shell protocol. To be authenticated by v1hosts, the user creates a v1 key, then copies the public key portion to theremote host.
In this project, we will be showing you how to setup Raspberry Pi SSH keys. It’s the perfect way to harden your Pi’s security.
Using SSH Keys for authentication is an excellent way of securing your Raspberry Pi as only someone with the private SSH key will be able to authenticate to your system.
This works by generating an SSH Key pair, you will retain the SSH private key, but the public key will go onto the Raspberry Pi’s operating system.
These SSH keys act as a means of identifying yourself to the SSH server using public-key cryptography and challenge-response authentication.
If you value your security SSH Keys is something you should set up, it offers a few security benefits over password authentication.
For starters, it is much harder for an attacker to be able to intercept and is also much more complicated to brute force. A standard SSH Key is usually 2048 characters long, compared to a password that is no longer than 32 characters.
Equipment List
Below are all the pieces of equipment that I made use of for this Raspberry Pi SSH Keys Authentication tutorial.
Recommended
Raspberry Pi 2 or 3
Micro SD Card
Power Supply
Ethernet Cord (Recommended) or Wifi dongle (Pi 3 has Wifi inbuilt)
Optional
Raspberry Pi Case
Generating SSH Keys on Windows
To generate SSH keys on a Windows-based operating system, we will have to rely on a piece of software called PuTTY.
You can download PuTTY from their website. Make sure you get the full package version as this includes the piece of software that we need to generate the SSH Keys for your Raspberry Pi.
1. Once you have downloaded and installed PuTTY to your computer go ahead and open up the program that was installed alongside it called PuTTYgen.
2. With PuTTYgen opened on your computer, click the “Generate” button as we have shown in the image below.
Pressing this button will generate the public and private SSH keys that we will use to make our SSH connection to our device, in our case this will be the Raspberry Pi.
3. Once PuTTYgen has begun generating the SSH keys it will ask you to move your mouse in the space as we have indicated in the image below.
By doing this, it helps ensure that the SSH key it generates should be genuinely unique and be hard for someone to be able to generate the same key quickly.
4. With the SSH keys now generated, there are a few more things that you need to do.
The first (1.) is to set a name for this SSH key, make this something memorable, so you know what SSH key is required when connecting.
Secondly (2.) you should set a passkey, this ensures that even if someone managed to steal your private SSH key, they would still need to enter a password.
This passkey acts as a second line of defense. If you would prefer not to have to enter a password at all, then you can skip this step and leave the two fields empty.
However, we do not recommend doing this if you value your security.
Thirdly (3.) we need to save the public key and the private key to somewhere safe on the computer. Make a note of the location that you save both of these files as you will need these to make a connection to your Raspberry Pi. Also, make sure you end the files in .ppk so that PuTTY can pick them up.
Finally (4.) copy down the public SSH key that is featured in the text box shown in the image below. You can quickly select all the text by clicking on the box and pressing CTRL + A then CTRL + C.
We will need this text shortly to add to our Linux systems SSH Authorized keys file. Without this, the system won’t be able to see our private key as a proper authentication method.
5. The next steps of this tutorial will walk you through the process of copying the public SSH key to your linux device. In our case, we will be using a Raspberry Pi that is running the Raspbian operating system.
Nwow you can proceed to the section titled “Copying the Public Keys manually” to continue with this Raspberry Pi SSH Keys tutorial.
Generating SSH Keys on Linux based systems
1. Generating SSH keys on a Linux system is a little easier as the SSH tools to do this are usually included with the main operating system. This means we do not have to install any additional packages.
To generate SSH Keys open up a terminal session on your Linux device enter the following command.
2. With the ssh-keygen tool now running you will be first asked to enter a file in which to save the key. For this tutorial, just press Enter to leave this as the default.
Since we are doing this on our Raspberry Pi Raspbian installation, this default directory was located at /home/pi/.ssh/id_rsa.
3. After setting the file in which to save the key we now need to decide whether we want to use a passphrase.
Personally, we recommend that you utilize a passphrase as it ensures that your private key will have a bit of extra security.
This additional security means that even if someone manages to steal the file as they will need to enter the passphrase to decrypt the private key.
So at this step enter a passphrase (Make sure that this is something secure but memorable).
Alternatively, if you do not like having to enter a password, you can press Enter but remember this means that anyone who has your private key can access your device without entering any password.
4. Now you have the choice to either copy your SSH public key by utilizing the ssh-copy-id tool or manually copy the key itself.
If you want to copy the key over manually, then follow step 5 and step 6, otherwise skip to the next section titled “Copying the Public Key using SSH Tools“.
5. The SSH key should now be generated so we can grab the contents of the public key file, we will need the contents of the file for setting up authentication on the device we want to use the SSH keys to authenticate to.
To get the contents of the public key, you can utilize the following command on your Linux based device.
6. With the contents of the public key now handy we can now proceed to the next step of actually adding the SSH key to the authorized_keys file.
Now skip to the section titled “Copying the Public Keys manually” to learn how to utilize the public keys contents to allow the private key to act as an authorization key.
Copying the Public Key using SSH Tools
1. On your Linux device (In our case it’s one of our Raspberry Pis), run the following command. Make sure that you replace IP_ADDRESS with the IP address of the remote machine that you want to copy the keys to.
Please note that you will be asked to log in with both your username and password for that remote machine as the tool needs these to copy over your public key.
Once done, this tool will automatically add your public key to the authorized_keys file on the remote machine.
Copying the Public Keys Manually
1. Back on the Raspberry Pi, we need to utilize a few commands to setup our authorized_keys file. This is the file that the SSH daemon will check when a private key is used for authentication.
To begin let’s create the folder that our authorized_keys file will be sitting in. To do this, we will be using the install command with a few parameters to set the correct permissions.
Run the following command on your Raspberry Pi.
2. With the folder created let’s go ahead and put our public key in the authorized_keys file.
To do this run the following command to begin editing it.
3. In this file copy and paste the contents of the public SSH key that you generated earlier using either your Windows device or your Linux device.
SSH will authenticate any private keys against the public key present to see if it is a legitimate connection to authorize.
4. Once you have your public SSH key entered into the authorized_keys file, you can save and quit out of the file by pressing Ctrl + X then Y and finally Enter.
5. With the file now saved we need to make sure it has the correct permissions. To do this, we need to run the following commands.
These commands will assign the correct permissions to the file so that it can be read by SSH when you try to log in.
If you are not using the default “pi” user on Raspbian make sure you replace the text “pi” in the following command with the name of the user you want to use this for authentication.
6. With the SSH private key now saved and the permissions correctly set we can now proceed to login. We will do this before we disable password authentication, so we do not lock ourselves out of our Raspberry Pi.
For our SSH key authentication tutorial, we will be showing you how to connect to your Raspberry Pi using your private key and PuTTY.
Connecting using your Private Key on Linux
1. Utilizing the private key is dead easy on the Linux device that you generated the key in the first place.
The SSH tool by default on most Linux based systems is designed to automatically make use of the private key when attempting to make a connection.
As long as you are using the machine you used to generate the private key, you can use the SSH command as shown below.
The system will automatically try to use the private key that we created earlier to make the connection.
Thanks to copying the public key into the authorized_keys file of the remote host, it will be able to recognize our incoming private key and accept our connection.
2. If you set a passphrase, you will now be asked to enter that before you can continue, this is required to unlock your private key.
After entering your passphrase, you should now be logged into the remote machine.
If you don’t like having to enter your passphrase every time, don’t worry as we will go into how to cache this later on in the tutorial.
Connecting to your Raspberry Pi using a Private Key with PuTTY
1. In this section of the Raspberry Pi SSH keys tutorial, we will be showing you how to use your private key with PuTTY to connect to the Raspberry Pi.
Connecting using a private key is a relatively simple process.
Start by opening up PuTTY on your computer and entering your Raspberry Pi’s IP address (1.) then click on “Auth” under the “SSH” section (2.)
2. Next, you need to press the “Browse” button. This button will allow you to find and select the private key that we saved earlier in the tutorial. Selecting this file will allow PuTTY to try and use it for authentication.
After you have selected the private key from the browser, you should now press the “Open” button to start the connection.
3. Upon connecting you will be first asked to enter a username, Make sure this is the username that belongs to the private key that you are using otherwise authentication will fail.
After entering the correct username, you will be now asked to enter a passphrase for your private key if you set one earlier.
Upon entering a correct passphrase you will be logged into the SSH session. You can now proceed to disabling password authentication completely.
Removing Password Authentication
1. To disable password authentication, we need to modify the sshd_config file. Within this file, we can change the behavior of the SSH daemon.
To modify this file run the following command on your Raspberry Pi.
2. Within this file, we need to find the following line and change “yes” to “no“.
This simple change will completely disable the ability to login to your Raspberry Pi with just a password. From now on you will require the private key to gain access to the system through SSH.
If you are having trouble finding the line you can use CTRL + W to find it quickly. (If you’re using the nano editor)
Find
Replace with
3. You can now save and quit out of the file by pressing CTRL + X then Y and finally ENTER.
4. With the changes now made to the sshd_config file, we should restart our Raspberry Pi to ensure the changes are loaded in.
Remember to make sure that your private key is allowing you to connect to your Raspberry Pi as passwords won’t work after restarting.
Once you are happy with everything, use the following command on your Raspberry Pi to restart it.
5. If everything is working correctly you should only be able to perform an SSH connection if you have a valid private key.
Without the private key, the connection will be refused by the SSH agent. As you can no longer use your password, keeping your private key safe is a very crucial task as it is now your only way of remotely accessing your device.
If for some reason you manage to lose your private key or forget the passphrase for your private key there is still one way of gaining access to your device.
To fix any issues that may arise with your SSH connection you can still physically connect a keyboard and mouse to your device to regain control.
To restore password access over the SSH connection, you should try reverting the change we made to the PasswordAuthentication setting and then refollow the tutorial to set up the SSH keys again.
Caching SSH Passphrase for the Current Terminal Session
1. If you are using the SSH bash tool, then you can cache the passphrase for your private key while the current session is still going.
To do this, we must first start up another session of the ssh-agent. We can do this by running the following command within the terminal session.
Upon entering this command, you will be shown a process id for the ssh-agent that we just loaded. You can use this process id later on to kill the agent and remove the passphrase caching.
The process id should appear something like, “Agent pid 26484“, you need to make a note of the number.
2. Now that we have started up our additional session of the ssh-agent let’s go ahead and add our private key to it.
We can do this by just typing in the following command, be prepared to enter your private key’s passphrase.
3. With your SSH key now added to the agent, you should be able to login to any remote machine that has your key authorized without needing to enter your passphrase.
4. To remove your private key from the SSH-agent cache, you will need to kill the ssh-agent we started earlier.
The easiest way to do this is to make use of the process id that we grabbed earlier. Just insert that process id after the command ‘kill’ to kill the process.
Generate Private And Public Key
I hope by the end of this Raspberry Pi SSH keys tutorial that you learned how to both generate and authenticate by using SSH keys. If you have any thoughts, tips or anything else that you would like to mention then please don’t hesitate to leave a comment below.