Openssl Generate X509 Certificate From Private Key
- X509 Certificate Private Key
- Openssl Create X509 Certificate With Private Key
- Openssl Generate X509 Certificate From Private Key Code
- Openssl Create Ca Certificate And Key
- Openssl Create X509 Certificate From Public Key
You upload the digital certificate to the custom connected app that is also required for JWT-based authorization. You can use your own private key and certificate issued by a certification authority. Alternatively, you can use OpenSSL to create a key and a self-signed digital certificate. Common OpenSSL Commands with Keys and Certificates. Generate RSA private key with certificate in a single command openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -keyout example.key -out example.crt -subj '/CN=example.com' -days 3650 -passout pass:foobar Generate Certificate Signing Request (CSR) from private key with passphrase. Step 1 – generates a private key. Step 2 – creates a X509 certificate (.cer file) containing your public key which you upload when registering your private application (or upgrading to a partner application). Step 3 – Export your x509 certificate and private key to a pfx file.
There are (still) various servers on the internet that have just an insufficient SSL/TLS configuration or none at all. It is not just web servers (like nginx or Apache) but also XMPP/Jabber servers and mail servers, for example. As the basis of each SSL/TLS configuration, we need keys and certificates and sometimes Diffie-Hellman parameters. This article is intended to summarise and briefly explain the most important OpenSSL commands.
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X509 Certificate Private Key
- The basics command line steps to generate a private and public key using OpenSSL are as follow. Openssl genrsa -out private.key 1024 openssl req -new -x509 -key private.key -out publickey.cer -days 365 openssl pkcs12 -export -out publicprivatekey.pfx -inkey private.key -in publickey.cer Step 1.
- Note: if the CSR was generated this way but the certificate needs to be installed on a Windows server (i.e. IIS), you’ll need to generate the PFX file from the certificate and Private key. To do that, use this command: openssl pkcs12 -export -out.your certificate.pfx -inkey server.key -in.your certificate.p7b.
Creating keys and certificates
In order to create keys and certificates manually, here are some different useful commands and their explanations.
Generating Your SSH Public Key Many Git servers authenticate using SSH public keys. In order to provide a public key, each user in your system must generate one if they don’t already have one. I think you may need to run git bash and set keys there: Start git bash (the simplest way: All Programs - Git - Git Bash. In the git bash terminal type ssh-keygen -t rsa. This will generate public and private key pair. Go to the location of the keys (I'd recommend using git bash for it).
Formats
Certificates and keys can be saved in a few different formats. In the following, we always use the PEM format, which most tools support the best. However, the files are larger than, for example, the DER format, since PEM consists of ASCII characters and DER is binary. Common extensions for PEM certificates are .pem
or .crt
. Certificates in DER format should end in .der
.
PEM format is easy to recognise, because the contents of the files start with -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
and end with -----END CERTIFICATE-----
. A good overview of the formats and how to convert them into other formats can be find at ssl.com.
The following is a list of the most common formats:
- PEM: Extension
.pem
,.crt
,.cer
- DER: Extension
.der
- PKCS#7: Extension
.p7b
,.p7c
- PKCS#12: Extension
.p12
- PFX: Extension
.pfx
Create Certificate Signing Request
Certificate Signing Requests (CSR) are requests for certificates. They then have to be signed either by a Certificate Authority (CA) or self-signed. In order to create a CSR, it is first necessary to create a private key. Normally, every time a certificate is requested, a new Certificate Signing Request has be created.
The first step is to create a 4096 Bit RSA key. This can be considered secure by current standards. The second step is to create the CSR which is signed with SHA256 (many default values are still SHA1, so it’s absolutely necessary to indicate SHA256 explicitly). More information on creating RSA keys is available on the man page of genrsa
, and more information on creating Certificate Signing Requests is available in the man page of req
.
This can also be done in one step. A CSR is created directly and OpenSSL is directed to create the corresponding private key.
Create self-signed certificate
Self-signed certificates can be used in order to test SSL configurations quickly or on servers on which it has never been verified if a certificate has been correctly signed by a Certificate Authority or not. They can be created using the following command. It creates a private key, from which it generates a Certificate Signing Request and signs it with the private key. This results in a certificate which is stored in example.com.pem
.
Creating your own CA and using it to sign the certificates
Normal certificates should not have the authorisation to sign other certificates. This should be done using special certificates known as Certificate Authorities (CA).
If the number of clients is manageable or in other special cases, you can create your own Certificate Authority (CA). This is necessary for many Virtual Private Networks (VPN), for example, because the server certificate and all the client certificates have to be signed.
First, we create a file (e.g. file name x509.ext
), in which the x509 extensions are defined. There are two sections – the one for the CA and the one for server certificates.
After that, we create the CA and the server certificates.
Openssl Create X509 Certificate With Private Key
In the first step, a new private key and a certificate are created, which then serve as the Certificate Authority. In this example, the certificate of the Certificate Authority has a validity period of 3 years. This certificate may only be used to sign other certificates (this is defined in the extension file in the section ca
).
In the second step, the server certificate is created and signed by the CA. The server certificate is given a validity period of 2 years. In addition, a CA serial number file is created if one doesn’t already exist. The CA needs this file in order to know the current serial number. The server certificate is limited with regard to signing, in that it can only act as a server or client and cannot sign any other certificates. Further information can be found in the man page of x509
and x509v3_config
.
Viewing certificate and Certificate Signing Requests
The contents of certificates and Certificate Signing Requests are best viewed with OpenSSL. In addition to displaying the entire contents (-text
option) it is possible to just display some parts. For example, the date of creation and expiration can be displayed using -dates
. The corresponding list can be found in the man page (man 1 x509
) under the entry Display options
.
- Certificate
- Certificate Signing Request
Creating Diffie-Hellman parameters
Diffie-Hellman parameters are required for Forward Secrecy. The following command creates Diffie-Hellman parameters with 4096 Bits. You don’t have to create such large parameters. 2048 should also be sufficient. Creating the parameters can take an extremely long time, depending on the system. It may be worthwhile to create them on a hardware system (since there is more entropy) and then transfer them to a virtual system.
Convert
Openssl Generate X509 Certificate From Private Key Code
Certificates can be converted to other formats with OpenSSL. Sometimes, an intermediate step is required. The most common conversions, from DER to PEM and vice-versa, can be done using the following commands:
and
The PKCS#12 and PFX formats can be converted with the following commands.
PFX (private key and certificate) to PEM (private key and certificate):
Openssl Create Ca Certificate And Key
PEM (private key and certificate) to PFX (private key and certificate):
Openssl Create X509 Certificate From Public Key
Other commands on conversion can be found at the site already mentioned above (ssl.com)