Symmetric-key algorithms^[a] are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys.^[1] The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link.^[2] This requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric key encryption, in comparison to public-key encryption (also known as asymmetric key encryption).^[3][4]

1. C# Algorithms Samples
2. Key Generation Algorithm In C B
3. Key Generation Algorithm In C 3

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Types[edit]

Symmetric-key encryption can use either stream ciphers or block ciphers.^[5]

An important thing to remember is that if you change the primary key in the policy, any Shared Access Signatures created from it is invalidated. Related Articles Is this page helpful?

• Stream ciphers encrypt the digits (typically bytes), or letters (in substitution ciphers) of a message one at a time. An example is the Vigenère Cipher.
• Block ciphers take a number of bits and encrypt them as a single unit, padding the plaintext so that it is a multiple of the block size. Blocks of 64 bits were commonly used. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm approved by NIST in December 2001, and the GCM block cipher mode of operation use 128-bit blocks.

Implementations[edit]

Examples of popular symmetric-key algorithms include Twofish, Serpent, AES (Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST5, Kuznyechik, RC4, DES, 3DES, Skipjack, Safer+/++ (Bluetooth), and IDEA.^[6]

Cryptographic primitives based on symmetric ciphers[edit]

Symmetric ciphers are commonly used to achieve other cryptographic primitives than just encryption.^{[citation needed]}

Encrypting a message does not guarantee that this message is not changed while encrypted. Hence often a message authentication code is added to a ciphertext to ensure that changes to the ciphertext will be noted by the receiver. Message authentication codes can be constructed from symmetric ciphers (e.g. CBC-MAC).^{[citation needed]}

However, symmetric ciphers cannot be used for non-repudiation purposes except by involving additional parties.^[7] See the ISO/IEC 13888-2 standard.

Another application is to build hash functions from block ciphers. See one-way compression function for descriptions of several such methods.

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Construction of symmetric ciphers[edit]

Many modern block ciphers are based on a construction proposed by Horst Feistel. Feistel's construction makes it possible to build invertible functions from other functions that are themselves not invertible.^{[citation needed]}

Security of symmetric ciphers[edit]

Symmetric ciphers have historically been susceptible to known-plaintext attacks, chosen-plaintext attacks, differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis. Careful construction of the functions for each round can greatly reduce the chances of a successful attack.^{[citation needed]}

Key management[edit]

Key establishment[edit]

Symmetric-key algorithms require both the sender and the recipient of a message to have the same secret key.All early cryptographic systems required one of those people to somehow receive a copy of that secret key over a physically secure channel. Fifa 09 cd key generator.

Nearly all modern cryptographic systems still use symmetric-key algorithms internally to encrypt the bulk of the messages, but they eliminate the need for a physically secure channel by using Diffie–Hellman key exchange or some other public-key protocol to securely come to agreement on a fresh new secret key for each message (forward secrecy).

Key generation[edit]

When used with asymmetric ciphers for key transfer, pseudorandom key generators are nearly always used to generate the symmetric cipher session keys. However, lack of randomness in those generators or in their initialization vectors is disastrous and has led to cryptanalytic breaks in the past. Therefore, it is essential that an implementation use a source of high entropy for its initialization.^[8][9][10]

Reciprocal cipher[edit]

A reciprocal cipher is a cipher where, just as one enters the plaintext into the cryptography system to get the ciphertext, one could enter the ciphertext into the same place in the system to get the plaintext. A reciprocal cipher is also sometimes referred as self-reciprocal cipher.

Practically all mechanical cipher machines implement a reciprocal cipher, a mathematical involution on each typed-in letter.Instead of designing two kinds of machines, one for encrypting and one for decrypting, all the machines can be identical and can be set up (keyed) the same way.^[11]

Examples of reciprocal ciphers include:

• Beaufort cipher^[12]
• Enigma machine^[13]
• Marie Antoinette and Axel von Fersen communicated with a self-reciprocal cipher.^[14]
• the Porta polyalphabetic cipher is self-reciprocal.^[15]
• Purple cipher^[16]

Practically all modern ciphers can be classified as either a stream cipher, most of which use a reciprocol XOR cipher combiner, or a block cipher, most of which use use Feistel cipher or Lai–Massey scheme with a reciprocal transformation in each round.

Notes[edit]

1. ^Other terms for symmetric-key encryption are secret-key, single-key, shared-key, one-key, and private-key encryption. Use of the last and first terms can create ambiguity with similar terminology used in public-key cryptography. Symmetric-key cryptography is to be contrasted with asymmetric-key cryptography.

References[edit]

1. ^Kartit, Zaid (February 2016). 'Applying Encryption Algorithms for Data Security in Cloud Storage, Kartit, et al'. Advances in ubiquitous networking: proceedings of UNet15: 147.
2. ^Delfs, Hans & Knebl, Helmut (2007). 'Symmetric-key encryption'. Introduction to cryptography: principles and applications. Springer. ISBN9783540492436.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
3. ^Mullen, Gary & Mummert, Carl (2007). Finite fields and applications. American Mathematical Society. p. 112. ISBN9780821844182.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
4. ^'Demystifying symmetric and asymmetric methods of encryption'. Cheap SSL Shop. 2017-09-28.
5. ^Pelzl & Paar (2010). Understanding Cryptography. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 30.
6. ^Roeder, Tom. 'Symmetric-Key Cryptography'. www.cs.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
7. ^14:00-17:00. 'ISO/IEC 13888-2:2010'. ISO. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
8. ^Ian Goldberg and David Wagner.'Randomness and the Netscape Browser'.January 1996 Dr. Dobb's Journal.quote:'it is vital that the secret keys be generated from an unpredictable random-number source.'
9. ^Thomas Ristenpart , Scott Yilek.'When Good Randomness Goes Bad: Virtual Machine Reset Vulnerabilities and Hedging Deployed Cryptography (2010)'CiteSeer^x: 10.1.1.183.3583quote from abstract:'Random number generators (RNGs) are consistently a weak link in the secure use of cryptography.'
10. ^'Symmetric Cryptography'. James. 2006-03-11.
11. ^Greg Goebel.'The Mechanization of Ciphers'.2018.
12. ^'.. the true Beaufort cipher. Notice that we have reciprocal encipherment; encipherment and decipherment are identically the same thing.'--Helen F. Gaines.'Cryptanalysis: A Study of Ciphers and Their Solution'.2014.p. 121.
13. ^Greg Goebel.'The Mechanization of Ciphers'.2018.
14. ^Friedrich L. Bauer.'Decrypted Secrets: Methods and Maxims of Cryptology'.2006.p. 144
15. ^David Salomon.'Coding for Data and Computer Communications'.2006.p. 245
16. ^Greg Goebel.'US Codebreakers In The Shadow Of War'.2018.

Creating and managing keys is an important part of the cryptographic process. Symmetric algorithms require the creation of a key and an initialization vector (IV). The key must be kept secret from anyone who should not decrypt your data. The IV does not have to be secret, but should be changed for each session. Asymmetric algorithms require the creation of a public key and a private key. The public key can be made public to anyone, while the private key must known only by the party who will decrypt the data encrypted with the public key. This section describes how to generate and manage keys for both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.

Symmetric Keys

The symmetric encryption classes supplied by the .NET Framework require a key and a new initialization vector (IV) to encrypt and decrypt data. Whenever you create a new instance of one of the managed symmetric cryptographic classes using the parameterless constructor, a new key and IV are automatically created. Anyone that you allow to decrypt your data must possess the same key and IV and use the same algorithm. Generally, a new key and IV should be created for every session, and neither the key nor IV should be stored for use in a later session.

C# Algorithms Samples

To communicate a symmetric key and IV to a remote party, you would usually encrypt the symmetric key by using asymmetric encryption. Sending the key across an insecure network without encrypting it is unsafe, because anyone who intercepts the key and IV can then decrypt your data. For more information about exchanging data by using encryption, see Creating a Cryptographic Scheme.

The following example shows the creation of a new instance of the TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider class that implements the TripleDES algorithm.

When the previous code is executed, a new key and IV are generated and placed in the Key and IV properties, respectively.

Sometimes you might need to generate multiple keys. In this situation, you can create a new instance of a class that implements a symmetric algorithm and then create a new key and IV by calling the GenerateKey and GenerateIV methods. The following code example illustrates how to create new keys and IVs after a new instance of the symmetric cryptographic class has been made.

Key Generation Algorithm In C B

When the previous code is executed, a key and IV are generated when the new instance of TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider is made. Another key and IV are created when the GenerateKey and GenerateIV methods are called.

Asymmetric Keys

The .NET Framework provides the RSACryptoServiceProvider and DSACryptoServiceProvider classes for asymmetric encryption. These classes create a public/private key pair when you use the parameterless constructor to create a new instance. Asymmetric keys can be either stored for use in multiple sessions or generated for one session only. While the public key can be made generally available, the private key should be closely guarded.

A public/private key pair is generated whenever a new instance of an asymmetric algorithm class is created. After a new instance of the class is created, the key information can be extracted using one of two methods:

• The ToXmlString method, which returns an XML representation of the key information.

• The ExportParameters method, which returns an RSAParameters structure that holds the key information.

Key Generation Algorithm In C 3

Both methods accept a Boolean value that indicates whether to return only the public key information or to return both the public-key and the private-key information. An RSACryptoServiceProvider class can be initialized to the value of an RSAParameters structure by using the ImportParameters method.

Asymmetric private keys should never be stored verbatim or in plain text on the local computer. If you need to store a private key, you should use a key container. For more on how to store a private key in a key container, see How to: Store Asymmetric Keys in a Key Container.

The following code example creates a new instance of the RSACryptoServiceProvider class, creating a public/private key pair, and saves the public key information to an RSAParameters structure.

See also